4/11/2019 By Hugo 所谓非法打工，是指没有工卡(EAD)或没有可授权工作的社会安全卡的打工行为。 在美国，劳动者的收入是要交收入所得税的，这项税金一般由雇主在发薪水时从发给雇员的支票中代扣。美国的绝大多数商务活动和经济往来都用支票和信用卡支付，通过银行受到国家税务局(IRS)的监控，很难作弊。 非法打工者由于不能交税，雇主无法用支票发薪，因此非法打工的行业仅限于有大量现金交易的行业，餐饮业首当其选。而餐馆雇用黑工的根本原因，是可以用低报酬和超负荷劳动降低成本，在竞争中保持和提高生存能力。 由于语言障碍和文化背景的差异等等，偷渡移民在这个陌生的国度里所能找到的最常见的工作场所，恐怕就是餐馆了。偷渡者来到美国后，常常是一边打工一边找律师，想方设法搞到合法留在美国的身份(绿卡)，一旦成功，其家人便能以美国永久居民甚至是美国公民的亲属身份向移民归化局申请合法移民美国。如果搞不到绿卡，只能当一辈子“黑人”。  Academic Enrichment Programs for 1st - 8th Grade Students Join Us To Be Elite Tel: 571-217-2357 ICE无力彻查非法打工 ICE是美国移民与海关执法局缩写。前面说过，餐饮业是最容易聚集非法打工者的行业，但相对说来，美国的西餐馆很少雇用非法打工者。虽然川普上台后新招聘了大量的ICE工作人员，但是由于非法移民数量过多，ICE人手依然捉襟见肘，根本无能力顾及到隐藏在小餐馆的非法打工族，除非涉及到其他案件。 美国的很多城市都有大大小小的China Town(唐人街或中国城)，在一些小城市往往也有浓缩了的中国城——一间小小的中国杂货铺。大城市的中国城都有华人开设的为华人服务的职业介绍所，所介绍的工作基本为中餐馆、洗衣店、家佣以及与餐馆相关的送货、装修之类的工作，在2017年之前(川普上台之前)大部分无需工卡，其中中餐馆的工作机会占总数的95％以上。这些职业介绍所的名字如果冠以“餐馆职业介绍所”，似乎更切合实际情况。 纽约的中国城是全美最大的，那里有几十家职业介绍所。纽约职业介绍所派工的范围包括东部时区、中部时区的东半个美国。介绍所的墙上挂满了雇工信息，如求工者有意，便通过介绍所与老板电话联系，双方电话谈妥后，求工者交给介绍所几十美元的介绍费，介绍所给求工者写一张“路条”，上面有何时在何处乘什么车到哪里，即便求工者不懂英文也无碍，届时用手指着英文地名给司机看即可，下车后给老板打个电话，老板会亲自或派人驾车接你。  Offering serious and challenging mathematics to intellectually gifted students  非法打工者的收入最低 美国中餐馆打工族的月收入，一般在2000到3000美元之间。洗碗和服务生助理最低，服务生的收入主要取决于小费，一般是2000―2500美元，若饭店生意较好或就餐人群层次较高，或在旅游区域逢旅游旺季，达到4000-5000美元的也不罕见。 中餐馆打工族的最大福利就是包吃，餐馆不在大城市的还包住，远离大城市的常常能报销部分交通费用，偏远地区的中餐馆可能每年会给一周的带薪假期或多发一周的薪水。这就是打工族的全部“福利“，但是，这些“福利”是没有保障的，也就是说，完全看老板的意思。  Award-Winning After-School Math Program for K-12 Students 4/11/2019 The undocumented population in the United States could be twice as large as the most commonly-used estimate, according to a research study published Friday in the scientific journal Plos One. The paper, led by Mohammad M. Fazel-Zarandi, a researcher at Yale and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, estimates there are 22.1 million undocumented immigrants in the United States. Fazel-Zarandi's study compared inflows and outflows of immigrants as well as demographic data. According to the report, the number of undocumented immigrants could be as low as 16.5 million, or as high as 29.1 million. “We combined these data using a demographic model that follows a very simple logic,” Edward Kaplan, a co-author of the report, told Yale Insights. “The population today is equal to the initial population plus everyone who came in minus everyone who went out. It’s that simple.”  APLUS教学中心 | 一对一辅导服务中心 | 申请咨询顾问中心  Most previous estimates, based on the U.S. Census Bureau's annual American Community Survey (ACS), place the undocumented population at around 11 million people. The ACS is generated annually through interviews with about 3.5 million people. "You find it’s based on one very specific survey and possibly an approach that has some difficulties. So we went in and just took a very different approach," Jonathan Feinstein, another co-author, told Yale Insights. Still, the new study found similarities in growth patterns of the undocumented population to the ACS reports of the past two decades. Most immigration researchers have reported a plateau in growth of that population since 2007, spurred mainly by the decrease in Mexican illegal immigration to the United States.  The reduction in illegal crossings by Mexican citizens coincided with an increase in illegal immigration from Central America and Asia. But the overall undocumented population has leveled off, and possibly slightly decreased. The Pew Research Center, which provides regular updates on immigration statistics -- based in part on ACS numbers -- estimated last year that the undocumented population dropped to 11.3 million from a high of 12.2 million. The Yale study, which goes as far back as 1990, found the same upward and downward trajectory as the ACS studies, with the undocumented population ballooning through the 1990s and plateauing after 2007. "“The trajectory is the same. We see the same patterns happening, but they’re just understating the actual number of people who have made it here,” said Fazel‐Zarandi. The researchers emphasized the new number does not imply a growth in illegal immigration but a longstanding miscount of existing undocumented immigrants. "We wouldn’t want people to walk away from this research thinking that suddenly there’s a large influx happening now,” said Feinstein. “It’s really something that happened in the past and maybe was not properly counted or documented.” The researchers also noted if the undocumented population is twice as high as previous estimates, that means the incidence of criminality among undocumented immigrants is half as high as previously reported. "You have the same number of crimes but now spread over twice as many people as was believed before, which right away means that the crime rate among undocumented immigrants is essentially half whatever was previously believed," said Kaplan. | Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning weekly classes (ONLINE)  Quality Tutoring  ALL-IN-ONE ONLINE REGISTRATION SOFTWARE           Principal,  Tel: (301)906-6889; (240)912-6290 Licensed in MD, VA, DC, WV, PA, DE, NC, SC, FL WeChat ID: sunnychenyuqing NMLS # 1220187 President, Principal Loan Consultant, Leader Funding, Inc.  电话: (240) 784-6645 Rockville, MD Phone: 301-366-3497  |
