10/10/2018 (World Journal) 記者顏伶如、黃惠玲 川普政府擬為申請入籍的合法移民設下更高門檻,估計數十萬已婚的綠卡申請人將受影響;依照研擬中的新標準,已婚外籍人士申請永久居留權時,兩口之家年收入至少4萬1150元,四口之家年收入則為6萬2750元,才較有希望拿到綠卡。 這項年收入最低標準,是以美國家庭貧窮線收入的2.5倍計算而得。 ●貧窮線1.25倍 辨別是否仰賴福利 今日美國報(USA Today)報導,川普政府研擬中的最新改革,兩口之家的家庭年收入至少要在貧窮線的1.25倍以上、也就是年收入2萬575美元,四口之家年收入要在3萬1375元以上,以判斷申請者是否會仰賴福利補助。 不過,如果要順利取得美國永久居留權,家庭年收入至少要有貧窮線的2.5倍以上,則是「具有重大加分效果的正面因素」。 為了不讓移民人口成為仰賴稅金資助福利計畫的「公共負擔」(public charge),川普政府推出一系列移民政策革新;綠卡申請者最低年收入標準的法規提案,川普政府已於上個月提出,如今規定草案10日在「聯邦公報」(Federal Register)公告後,即依程序展開為期60天的公眾諮詢期,如有任何意見,必須在今年12月10日前提出。 由於這是行政部門的法規,國會部門並沒有參與條文內容的擬訂。 ●即使收入達標 也不保證申請獲准 非黨派智庫組織「移民政策研究所」(Migration Policy Institute)資深研究員葛林柏格(Mark Greenberg)指出,其實這個家庭年收入最低標準並不是一道明確指標,「就算你的收入超過貧窮線的2.5倍以上,也無法確保申請時不會被打回票,只是說申請獲准的希望比較高一些而已。」 移民申辦顧問機構「無限移民」(Boundless Immigration)則指出,如果把川普政府這套最低年收入的標準,套用於該機構資料庫內的大約600名客戶身上,會發現其中53%的客戶不符合家庭年收入要有貧窮線2.5倍以上的新標準。 「無限移民」創辦人蘭德(Doug Rand)分析,如果用這個比率來計算,美國每年核發包含配偶入籍在內的40萬張綠卡,未來可能有20萬名申請者因為年收入標準不符而遭駁回。 這項聯邦公報的「公共福利規定」(public charge regulations)也指出,曾經使用或隨時可能使用醫療照顧(Medicaid)、醫療保險處方藥D計畫(Medicare Part D)、糧食劵(Supplement Nurtrition Assistance Program, SNAP),以及Section 8、房租津貼等房屋補助計畫等福利者,在申請簽證,或調整合法居留身分(綠卡)時,移民局可將其視為「公眾負擔」,認定資格不符拒發。 根據聯邦公報,這項新規適用於三類人,第一種是申請美國簽證者(Applicants for Admission):任何這類申請人,如被認定可能在任何時候成為公眾負擔,將可予以拒簽。 第二類為申請延長在美國的停留期限及申請改變身分者(Extension of Stay and change of status applicants),必須證明以前及現在沒有使用公共福利,且以後也不會使用到這些公共福利。 第三類則是人已經在美國要申請調整身分者(Adjustment of Status Applicants):在申請合法居留時,移民局有權檢視並決定他們提出的文件,是否足夠證明其等不會成為公共負擔。 10/09/2018 ![]() 国土安全部建议的新规定要求,申请绿卡的移民须证明收入至少为联邦贫穷线的125%以上,且不会依赖政府福利。(Getty Images) ![]() 国土安全部建议的新规定要求,申请绿卡的移民须证明收入至少为联邦贫穷线的125%以上,且不会依赖政府福利。图为一名甫抵美的伊拉克人(左)在凤凰城申请粮食券。(Getty Images) 国土安全部9月22日建议新规定,凡是申请绿卡的移民必须证明,他们的收入至少要达到联邦贫穷线的125%以上,即2018年个人收入为1万5175元,且不会依赖政府福利。 新规定扩大现行的“公共负担测试”,如果实施,家庭收入水平超过联邦贫穷线250%的移民,即2018年为3万350元,就更有希望获得绿卡。如果低于联邦贫穷线的125%,就无法通过“公共负担测试”,申请绿卡就不予受理。 目前,多数移民如果可找到一个收入超过贫穷线125%的美国公民资助,就可绕过这项规定;而新规定则是考虑移民和提供资助的美国公民双方的收入,两者都是审批绿卡时的考虑因素。 新规定还建议,申请被拒的移民需缴纳1万元的保证金,以免去“公共负担测试”。如果移民开始用公共福利,政府将支取保证金。但若移民永久离开美国或是成为美国公民,1万元保证金将会归还。 新规定的执行将增大移民官员审批绿卡的决定权,反对者表示,许多因素都对移民不利。 科罗拉多州财政研究所估计,科州有60万6000多人生活在至少一个家人不是公民的家庭,其中39万4000人的收入低于联邦贫困线的250%,包括绿卡持有人和无证移民。 国安部估计,新规定实行后,2.5%的移民将因担忧失去合法身分或是无法调整身分,而退出政府福利计画。 科州健保研究所估计,担忧身分的效应将使科州7万5000人失去健保,其中四分之三是公民,三分之二是儿童,因为移民担心领福利影响自己或家人的身分,会让在美国出生的子女退出福利。 USCIS Issues 2018 Poverty Guidelines: Raises the Income Level Family Sponsors of Immigrants' Must Prove By Ilona Bray, J.D. ** LEGAL UPDATE ** The U.S. government recently published its 2018 Poverty Guidelines. These figures, which are updated annually, are critically important to the U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident who is sponsoring a family member (perhaps a spouse, parent, child, or sibling) for U.S. lawful permanent residence (a U.S. green card). As part of the application process, the U.S. petitioner will need to fill out a form called an Affidavit of Support, on USCIS Form I-864, on the immigrant's behalf. The legal purpose of this Affidavit is to prove that, according to the numbers set forth within the U.S. Poverty Guidelines, the U.S. sponsor's household income is high enough to support the immigrating family members at 125% or more of U.S. poverty line levels, after taking into account anyone already living with or dependent on the U.S. sponsor. (The amount the sponsor must show goes back down to 100% for those in Alaska or Hawaii or who are members of the U.S. Armed Forces.) The rationale underlying this requirement is to ensure that the immigrating family member will not need to rely on means-based public assistance (often referred to as welfare) while living in the United States. Prospective immigrants who are viewed as likely to become a “public charge” are considered legally inadmissible to the U.S., and will be denied admission (in other words, they will not receive an immigrant visa or green card despite the qualifying family relationship). In filling out and signing Form I-864, the U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident petitioner is entering into a contractual obligation with the U.S. government. The sponsor is agreeing to either support the immigrant (for approximately ten years or until one of various events occurs, such as the immigrant's death) or will pay back any and all U.S. government agencies that supply the immigrant with financial or related need-based assistance during the time the Affidavit is in effect. As normally occurs, increases in the U.S. cost of living led to the Poverty Guidelines amounts being raised in 2018. So, for instance, while last year a U.S. petitioner supporting a family of four would have had to show an income of $30,750, this year the amount required is a bit higher, at $31,375. For a household of two (for example, a U.S. citizen sponsoring a spouse or one parent), the amount has gone from $20,300 to $20,575. To view and download the 2018 Poverty Guidelines, go to the I-864P page of the USCIS website. For more information on the petitioner’s role as financial sponsor, see Nolo’s articles on The U.S. Sponsor's Financial Responsibilities. Effective date: March 28, 2018 | Principal, Tel: (301)906-6889; (240)912-6290 Licensed in MD, VA, DC, PA WeChat ID: sunnychenyuqing NMLS # 1220187 President, Principal Loan Consultant, Leader Funding, Inc. 电话: (240) 784-6645 Rockville, MD Phone: 301-366-3497 |
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